Minggu, 12 Juni 2016

ARTICLES IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMY - DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH WITH TENSES

ENGLISH ARTICLE

How Economic Factors Affect Consumer Behavior

Are you losing customers and blame online sales?

When I visit businesses with slow sales 1I hear many excuses for why they have so few customers this month. It seems they are willing to blame online sales, the local government policies, or even the local council. Their comments only serve to highlight the fact they do not understand that the current economic factors have more to do with the customers behaviour than any of those other factors. 3 Money is not spent if  the customer is worried about their future. The single biggest factor for consumer behaviour spending patterns is how secure they feel their short-term future is regarding savings, employment and home payments. The more insecure they feel about the economy, the more 5they will pay down debt or keep money for the rainy days. This ‘happiness’ factor is measured by the consumer confidence index which is reported daily showing how secure the consumer believes the future is. When the CCI goes over 100 points, customers will spend. If 6the CCI goes under 100 the customers stop spending.

How the economy affects the consumer behaviour?

7The consumer is bombarded with messages of doom & gloom from the newspaper and other news media telling them all about the problems in the world. Currently 8we have concerns with ;

- Eurozone debt and several countries in recession

- Declining natural resources and climate warning

- Instability in several governments causing public unrest & armed violence

- Over a 20% drop in Australian super and shares

- Loss of primary industries with large scale unemployment happening almost weekly since start of 2012

9Business owners need to pay attention to these economical factors. Mortgage payments are often the largest expense a customer has and will not risk losing their home just to take a chance and buy your products. When there is uncertainty in the mortgage rates, 10sales will decline in most sectors. The instability of employment in manufacturing, 11financial services and construction sectors will cause customers to focus on what would happen if 12they lost their employment. So they start saving money for their possible unemployment and spend it on career change prospects like training in new skills. Due to the high costs of aged care and related retirement expenses many consumers are looking ahead to their future by investing in superannuation and/or shares to be financially secure. With 13the global recession and collapse of some international organisations thought to be secure from the economy wobbles14super funds have lost millions of consumers financial net.

What the current economy means to your customers?

15They are unsure if 16they will be able to keep the family home, pay for their retirement and even if 18they will have a job in the next six months. So 17the consumer goes into survival mode by saving money and stopping all unnecessary spending. 19As a business owner or manager you need to pay attention to the local economic factors as 20they will mean the difference between meeting your sales targets or not.




Analisis tenses :
    1.      I hear many excuses  : S + V1 + O  = Present Tense
    2.      They are willing to blame online sales : S + Tobe + V ing + O = Simple Present Continous
    3.      Money is not spent : S + Tobe + O = Present Tense
    4.      The customer is worried : S + Tobe + V2 = Past Tense
    5.      They will pay down debt or keep money for the rainy days : S + Will + O = Present Future
    6.      The CCI goes over 100 points : S + V1 + O = Present Tense
    7.      The consumer is bombarded with messages of doom & gloom from the newspaper :             
           S + Tobe + V2 + O = Simple Past Tense
    8.      We have concerns with : S + V1 + O = Present Tense
    9.      Business owners need to pay attention to these economical factors :
           S + V1 + O = Simple Present Tense
   10.  Sales will decline in most sectors : S + Will +V1 + O = Simple Future
  11.  Financial services and construction sectors will cause customers to focus on what would happen:
              S + Will + V1 + O = Simple Future
   12.  They lost their employment : S + V2 + O = Simple Present
   13.  The global recession and collapse of some international organisations thought to be secure from  the economy wobbles : S + V2 + O/ Complement = Simple Past Tense
   14.  Super funds have lost millions of consumers financial net :
S + Tobe + V3 + O = Past Perfect
   15.  They are unsure : S + Tobe + O = Simple Present
   16.  They will be able to keep the family home : S + Will + V1 + O =  Future Tense
   17.  The consumer goes into survival mode by saving money : S + V1 + O = Present Tense
   18.  They will have a job in the next six months : S + Will + V1 + O = Simple Pesent Future
   19.  As a business owner or manager you need to pay attention to the local economic factors :
    S + V1 + O = Simple Present Tense
   20.  They will mean the difference between meeting your sales targets or not :

    S + Will + V1 + O = Simple Future.

Minggu, 17 April 2016

The questions about direct and in direct speech

STATEMENT
1. I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.
   A. He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
   B. He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
   C. He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
Pembahasan/answer : C
Direct speech berupa statement (pernyataan) dengan verb simple present tense. Verb diubah
menjadi simple past tense (penyampai berita fokus pada fakta bahwa pembicaraan merupakan
past conversation).

2. “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west”
   A. He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west
   B. He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west
   C. He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Pembahasan/Answer : C
Verb is not changed (into past because the statement be general truth)

3. “Your friend has just left.”
   A. He told me that my friend has just left
   B. He told me that your friend had just left
   C. He told me that my friend had just left
Pembahasan/Answer :  C
Present perfect tense changed to past perfect tense

4. “I ate some beef burgers yesterday.” Said Jean.
   A. Jean said that she have eat some beef burgers the day before.
   B. Jean said that she has ate some beef burgers the day before.
   C. Jean said that she had been eaten some beef burgers the day before.
   D. Jean said that she had been eat some beef burgers yesterday.
Pembahasan/Answer : C
Simple past patterns on direct speech sentence changed to past perfect tense in indirect speech sentences. Characterized by tobe "has been" and the verb 3 "to eat".

5. “We have been here for a week.”
   A. They said they had been there for a week
   B. They said they had been here for a week
   C. They said we had been there for a week
Pembahasan/Answer : A
“Here” on direct speech canged to “there”.

6. He said, "I buy a book"
   Change the Simple present tense into simple past tense!
   ...........................................................................................................
Pembahasan/Answer : He said that he bought a book

7. “I’m doing my English homework”, said Lina
   Change the Present continuous tense into past continous tense!
   ...........................................................................................................
Pembahasan/Answer : Lina said that she was doing her English homework

8. Jonathan said, “I have finished doing my reports.”
   Change the Present perfect into past perfect
   ...........................................................................................................
Pembahasan/Answer : Jonathan said that he had finished doing his reports

9. Lala said, “We will leave for Singapore”
   Change the future tense into past future tense!
...........................................................................................................
Pembahasan/Answer : Lala said that they would leave for Singapore

10. He said, “I went to school yesterday”
Change the simple past tense into past perfect tense!
...........................................................................................................
Pembahasan/answer : He said that he had gone to school the day before

QUESTION
1. What’s your passion?
   A. She wanted to know what is my passion.
   B. She wanted to know what was my passion.
   C. She wanted to know what my passion was.
Pembahasan: C
Direct speech berupa wh- question (information request) –> pindahkan verb ke belakang subject
(word order).

2. Did they eat out together yesterday?
   A. He asked me if they had eaten out together yesterday.
   B. He asked me if they had eaten out together the day before.
   C. He asked me if they has eaten out together the day before.
Pembahasan: B
Direct speech berupa yes-no question dengan time reference “yesterday”. Time reference perlu
diubah menjadi “the day before” atau” the previous day”.

3. “Have you been to Japan?” asked Sarah.
   A.  Sarah asked if I has been to Japan.
   B.  Sarah asked if I had been to Japan.
Pembahasan : B
Direct question: present perfect tense –> Indirect question: past perfect tense

4. The Commercial Account Manager asked, “Did my staff contact you yesterday?”
   A.  The Commercial Account Manager wanted to know if his staff had contacted me the previous day.
   B.  The Commercial Account Manager wanted to know if his staff has contacted me the previous day.
   C.  The Commercial Account Manager wanted to know if his staff has contacted me yesterday.
   D.  The Commercial Account Manager wanted to know if his staff had contacted me yesterday.
Pembahasan: A
Direct question: simple past tense, yesterday –> Indirect question: past perfect tense, the previous day

5. Alvin asked, “May I borrow your bike tomorrow?”
   A.  Alvin asked whether he may borrow my bike the following day.
   B.  Alvin asked whether he might borrow my bike the following day.
   C.  Alvin asked whether he might borrow my bike tomorrow.
   D.  Alvin asked whether he may borrow my bike tomorrow.
Pembahasan :B
Direct question: may, tomorrow –> Indirect question: might, the following day

6. The man asked, “Can I parked my car here?”
   A.  The man asked me if he could parked his car here.
   B.  The man asked me if he could parked his car there.
   C.  The man asked me if he can parked his car there.
   D.  The man asked me if he can parked his car here.
Pembahasan : B
Direct question: can, here –> Indirect question: could, there

7. “Where are your friends eating lunch?” asked the teacher.
   A.  The teacher wanted to know where the student’s friends were eating lunch.
   B.  The teacher wanted to know where the student’s friends eating lunch were.
Pembahasan : A
Direct question: present continuous tense –> Indirect question: past continuous tense

8. “When is she going to adopt a cat?” asked Heru.
   A.  Heru asked when she was going to adopt a cat.
   B.  Heru asked when was she going to adopt a cat.
Pembahasan : A
Heru asked when she was going to adopt a cat.

9. Her wife asked “How fast was my husband driving when the police stopped him?”
   A.  Her wife asked how fast her husband had been driving when the police stopped him.
   B.  Her wife asked how fast her husband has been driving when the police stopped him.
Pembahasan : A
Direct question: past continuous tense –> Indirect question: past perfect continuous tense

10.“Shall I quit my job?” asked the employee.
   A.  The employee asked whether she shall quit her job.
   B.  The employee asked whether she should quit her job.
Pembahasan : B
Direct question: shall (advice) –> Indirect question: should

IMPERATIVE
1. Don’t turn off the light now.
   A.  He told me don't turn off the light at that time.
   B.  He told me not to turn off the light at that time.
Pembahasan/answer: B
Verb menjadi infinitive pada reporting commands (perintah).

2. ... to bed on a full stomach. It can cause acid reflux.
   A.  Don’t go
   B.  Go
Pembahasan/answer : B

3. ... afraid. Those dogs won’t hurt you.
   A.  Be
   B.  Don’t be
Pembahasan/answer : B

4. ... patient. Don’t be in such a hurry.
   A.  Be
   B.  Don’t be
Pembahasan/answer : A

5. ... your shoes before entering to keep the house clean.
   A.  Don’t take off
   B.  Take off
Pembahasan/answer : B

6. ... the door, so we can talk in private.
   A.  close
   B.  don’t close
Pembahasan/answer : A

7. ... for lunch together.
   A.  Let’s go
   B.  Let’s goes
Pembahasan/answer: A

8. ... waste our time.
   A.  Let’s don’t
   B.  Let’s not
Pembahasan/answer: B

9. ... ask me the question again.
   A.  Please don’t
   B.  Please not to
Pembahasan/answer : A

10. The teachers said, “Don’t be late!”
   A. The teachers told me didn't be late
   B. The teachers told me not to be late
   C. The teachers said to me don't be late
Pembahasan/Answer : B











source:
1. http://dewinovita96.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/contoh-soal-direct-indirect.html
2. http://www.wordsmile.com/soal-indirect-question-pilihan-ganda-jawabannya
3. http://www.wordsmile.com/soal-imperative-sentence-pilihan-ganda-jawabannya





Name : Yanne Cynthia Ramadhani
Class  : 1EA07
Npm  : 17215218

Rabu, 30 Maret 2016

DIRECT and INDIRECT SPEECH (Sentences Direct and Indirect)

Direct Speech is the spoken sentence directly from the speaker. Sentence
they have not changed or added.
example:
-Erfin Said, "I am so happy".
-they Said, "We have watched the football game".

Indirect Speech is a sentence that comes from direct sentences that told
back in another form.
example:
-Erfin Said that he was so happy
-they Said that they had watched a football game.

Note:
If Verbs in the main clause and the form is PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT
or the existence of a common statement on the parent sentence, then no
time changes in indirect sentence.
example:
-She Asks me, "Are you sleepy?" She Asks me Wether I am sleepy
-He Has told us, "I am hungry." He told us that he is hungry
-She Of toll me, "the sun rises in the east".
She of toll me that the sun rises in the east
But if the verbs in sentences and shape apart from PRESENT
PRESENT
PERFECT then in changing the time on a sentence indirectly.
example:
-Simple Into Simple Past Present
a. He Told Me, "I go to work everyday."
b. He of toll me that he went to work everyday.
Continuous -Present be Past Continuous
a. She Told Me, "I am playing music now".
b. She of toll me that she was playing music then.
Perfect -Present be Past Perfect
a. They told me. "We have bought a car".
b. They told me that they had bought a car.
-Simple Past into the Past Perfect
a. He Told Me, "I went to Bandung yesterday".
b. He of toll me that he had gone to Bandung yesterday.
Future -Simple into Future Past
a. He Told Me, "I will go to university next year".
b. He of toll me that he would go to university the following year.
-Future Past into Future Past Perfect
a. She of toll me, "I should go there if I were you."
b. She of toll me that she would have gone there if she had been me.
Changes CAPITAL, PREPOSITION and description of time of the sentence
indirect directly into sentences. :
Shall - Should See - saw Will - would
Is - was May - MIGHT Has / have - had
Can -could are - were Here - there
This - Now that - then Ago - before, Etc













Sumber:
https://inggrishbahasa.wordpress.com/lesson-english/english-grammar/179-2/

Minggu, 10 Januari 2016

Tulisan 4

Contoh kasus keadilan
”Hukum hanya berlaku bagi pencuri kakao, pencuri pisang, & pencuri semangka, koruptor dilarang masuk penjara.”
Supremasi hukum di Indonesia masih harus direformasi untuk menciptakan kepercayaan masyarakat dan dunia internasional terhadap sistem hukum Indonesia. Masih banyak kasus-kasus ketidakadilan hukum yang terjadi di negara kita. Keadilan harus diposisikan secara netral, artinya setiap orang memiliki kedudukan dan perlakuan hukum yang sama tanpa kecuali.
Keadaan yang sebaliknya terjadi di Indonesia. Bagi masyarakat kalangan bawah perlakuan ketidakadilan sudah biasa terjadi. Namun bagi masyarakat kalangan atas atau pejabat yang punya kekuasaan sulit rasanya menjerat mereka dengan tuntutan hukum. Ine jelas merupakan sebuah ketidak adilan.
Kasus Nenek Minah asal Banyumas yang divonis 1,5 bulan kurungan adalah salah satu contoh ketidak adilan hukum di Indonesia. Kasus ini berawal dari pencurian 3 buah kakao oleh Nenek Minah. Kami setuju apapun yang namanya tindakan mencuri adalah kesalahan. Namun demikian jangan lupa hukum juga mempunyai prinsip kemanusiaan. Masak nenek-nenek seperti itu yang buta huruf dihukum hanya karena ketidaktahuan dan keawaman Nenek Minah tentang hukum.
Menitikkan air mata ketika kami menyaksikan Nenek Minah duduk di depan pengadilan dengan wajah tuanya yang sudah keriput dan tatapan kosongnya. Untuk datang ke sidang kasusnya ini Nenek Minah harus meminjam uang Rp.30.000,- untuk biaya transportasi dari rumah ke pengadilan yang memang jaraknya cukup jauh. Seorang Nenek Minah saja bisa menghadiri persidangannya walaupun harus meminjam uang untuk biaya transportasi. Seorang pejabat yang terkena kasus hukum mungkin banyak yang mangkir dari panggilan pengadilan dengan alasan sakit yang kadang dibuat-buat. Tidak malukah dia dengan Nenek Minah? Pantaskah Nenek Minah dihukum hanya karena mencuri 3 buah kakao yang harganya mungkin tidak lebih dari Rp.10.000,-? Dimana prinsip kemanusiaan itu? Adilkah ini bagi Nenek Minah?.
Bagaimana dengan koruptor kelas kakap?. Inilah sebenarnya yang menjadi ketidakadilan hukum yang terjadi di Indonesia. Begitu sulitnya menjerat mereka dengan tuntutan hukum. Apakah karena mereka punya kekuasaan, punya kekuatan, dan punya banyak uang ?Sehingga bisa mengalahkan hukum dan hukum tidak berlaku bagi mereka para koruptor.Kami sangat prihatin dengan keadaan ini.
Sangat mudah menjerat hukum terhadap Nenek Minah, gampang sekali menghukum seorang yang hanya mencuri satu buah semangka, begitu mudahnya menjebloskan ke penjara suami-istri yang kedapatan mencuri pisang karena keadaan kemiskinan. Namun demikian sangat sulit dan sangat berbelit-belit begitu akan menjerat para koruptor dan pejabat yang tersandung masalah hukum di negeri ini. Ini sangat diskriminatif dan memalukan sistem hukum dan keadilan di Indonesia. Apa bedanya seorang koruptor dengan mereka-mereka itu?
Saya tidak membenarkan tindakan pencurian oleh Nenek Minah dan mereka-mereka yang mempunyai kasus seperti Nenek Minah. Saya juga tidak membela perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh Nenek Minah dan mereka-mereka itu. Tetapi dimana keadilan hukum itu? Dimana prinsip kemanusian itu?. Seharusnya para penegak hukum mempunyai prinsip kemanusiaan dan bukan hanya menjalankan hukum secara positifistik.
Inilah dinamika hukum di Indonesia, yang menang adalah yang mempunyai kekuasaan, yang mempunyai uang banyak, dan yang mempunyai kekuatan. Mereka pasti aman dari gangguan hukum walaupun aturan negara dilanggar. Orang biasa seperti Nenek Minah dan teman-temannya itu, yang hanya melakukan tindakan pencurian kecil langsung ditangkap dan dijebloskan ke penjara. Sedangkan seorang pejabat negara yang melakukan korupsi uang negara milyaran rupiah dapat berkeliaran dengan bebasnya.
Oleh karena itu perlu adanya reformasi hukum yang dilakukan secara komprehensif mulai dari tingkat pusat sampai pada tingkat pemerintahan paling bawah dengan melakukan pembaruan dalam sikap, cara berpikir, dan berbagai aspek perilaku masyarakat hukum kita ke arah kondisi yang sesuai dengan tuntutan perkembangan zaman dan tidak melupakan aspek kemanusiaan.


Sumber
http://vioktaviantiii.blogspot.co.id/2014/11/contoh-kasus-manusia-keadilan.html

Tugas 4 (manusia dan keadilan)

Pengertian Keadilan
Keadilan adalah hal-hal yang berkenaan pada sikap dan tindakan dalam hubungan antar manusia yang berisi sebuah tuntutan agar sesamanya dapat memperlakukan sesuai hak dan kewajibannya.

Makna keadilan
Keadilan juga dapat diartikan sebagai suatu tindakan yang didasarkan norma-norma, baik norma agama maupun hukum. Keadilan ditunjukkan melalui sikap dan perbuatan yang tidak berat sebelah dan memberi sesuatu kepada orang lain yang menjadi haknya.

Macam-macam keadilan

  1. Keadilan Komunikatif (Iustitia Communicativa) : Pengertian keadilan komunikatif adalah keadilan yang memberikan kepada masing-masing orang terhadap apa yang menjadi bagiannya dengan berdasarkan hak seseorang pada suatu objek tertentu. Contoh keadilan komunikatif adalah Iwan membeli tas andri yang harganya 100 ribu maka iwan membayar 100 ribu juga seperti yang telah disepakati. 
  2. Keadilan Distributif (Iustitia Distributiva) : Pengertian keadilan distributif adalah keadilan yang memberikan kepada masing-masing terhadap apa yang menjadi hak pada suatu subjek hak yaitu individu. Keadilan distributif adalah keadilan yang menilai dari proporsionalitas atau kesebandingan berdasarkan jasa, kebutuhan, dan kecakapan. Contoh keadilan distributif adalah karyawan yang telah bekerja selama 30 tahun, maka ia pantas mendapatkan kenaikan jabatan atau pangkat.  
  3. Keadilan Legal (Iustitia Legalis) : Pengertian keadilan legal adalah keadilan menurut undang-undang dimana objeknya adalah masyarakat yang dilindungi UU untuk kebaikan bersama atau banum commune. Contoh keadilan legal adalah Semua pengendara wajib menaati rambu-rambu lalu lintas. 
  4. Keadilan Vindikatif (Iustitia Vindicativa) : Pengertian keadilan vindikatif adalah keadilan yang memberikan hukuman atau denda sesuai dengan pelanggaran atau kejatahannya. Contoh keadilan vindikatif adalah pengedar narkoba pantas dihukum dengan seberat-beratnya. 
  5. Keadilan Kreatif (Iustitia Creativa) : Pengertian keadilan kreatif adalah keadilan yang memberikan masing-masing orang berdasarkan bagiannya yang berupa kebebasan untuk menciptakan kreativitas yang dimilikinya pada berbagai bidang kehidupan. Contoh keadilan kreatif adalah penyair diberikan kebebasan dalam menulis, bersyair tanpa interfensi atau tekanan apapun. 
  6. Keadilan Protektif (Iustitia Protektiva) : Pengertian keadilan protektif adalah keadilan dengan memberikan penjagaan atau perlindungan kepada pribadi-pribadi dari tindak sewenang-wenang oleh pihak lain. Contoh keadilan protektif adalah Polisi wajib menjaga masyarakat dari para penjahat. 
Keadilan hukum diimplementasikan dengan ketersediaan aturan dan sistem hukum yang mampu menjamin terwujudnya keadilan dan kesetaraan hukum dalam masyarakat. Pasal 27 UUD 1945 menekankan persamaan kedudukan setiap warga negara dalam hukum dan pemerintahan. Penegakan hukum memerlukan ketersediaan empat instrumen kunci, yaitu peraturan yang baik, profesionalitas dan kejujuran aparat hukum, kelengkapan fasilitas penegakan hukum dan kesadaran masyarakat dalam mematuhi hukum. Negara harus mampu menyediakan/mengelola keempat instrumen kunci diatas, sehingga prinsip equal before the law(kesetaraan di hadapan hukum) dapat ditegakkan. Sebagai bagian perlindungan terhadap keadilan adalah perlindungan hak asasi bagi setiap warga negara sebagaimana amanat pasal 28A-J UUD (amandemen kedua).










sumber:
http://www.artikelsiana.com/2015/01/pengertian-keadilan-macam-macam-keadilan.html
http://radenanindyo.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/makna-keadilan-dan-macam-macam-keadilan.html
http://soeharto.co/tag/keadilan-sosial